Ression [PRDX1PRDX6] [24]. Our findings contrast with earlier research reporting that elevated consumption of caffeine, which is also a methylxanthine, is related with decreased threat of depression [23, 25, 26]. Indeed, a study carried out in the Uk found that unemployed men and women consuming caffeine on a regular basis have been additional likely to report depresssive symptoms [27]. Even though belonging for the identical group, pharmacological variations are noted among caffeine and theobromine and may perhaps therefore clarify the opposite effects on mood but also on blood stress [24, 25]. Caffeine is metabolised to theobromine in the liver and studies conducted inside the rat and in humans, show that theobromine features a higher half-life than caffeine, which can be far more swiftly degraded [24, 28]. Therefore, it can be believed that the effective impact of caffeine is mediated by way of its metabolites, like theobromine [24, 25]. It is also hypothesised that the effects of caffeine are extra CNS precise, resulting in symptoms such as alertness, even though theobromine exerts its impact mostly via peripheral alterations [25]. Nevertheless, the differences in between the twoLi et al. BMC Psychiatry(2022) 22:Page six ofTable three Subgroup analysesSubgroup Age: 40 year 43 mg/day Age: 4060 year = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Age: 60 year = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Female = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Male = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day PIR: higher = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day PIR:low = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day PIR:medium = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Education: Beneath higher college = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Education:Higher college = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Education: College or above = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Smoke:former = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Smoke: never ever = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Smoke: now = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Alcohol.GM-CSF Protein Storage & Stability user: heavy = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Alcohol.GM-CSF Protein medchemexpress user: mild = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day = 43 mg/day 1300 755 1527 689 1850 782 2528 1035 2149 1191 1854 780 947 550 1400 621 509 315 1015 578 3151 1329 1052 518 2836 1241 789 467 641 397 1736 829 352 (27.PMID:23983589 1) 263 (34.8) 323 (21.two) 175 (25.4) 467 (25.2) 175 (22.4) 682 (27) 338 (32.7) 460 (21.four) 275 (23.1) 250 (13.five) 109 (14) 362 (38.two) 236 (42.9) 441 (31.5) 199 (32) 160 (31.four) 104 (33) 320 (31.five) 203 (35.1) 661 (21) 306 (23) 282 (26.8) 162 (31.3) 536 (18.9) 263 (21.2) 324 (41.1) 188 (40.three) 216 (33.7) 150 (37.eight) 376 (21.7) 195 (23.five) 1(Ref ) 1.42 (1.17 1.72) 1(Ref ) 1.31 (1.06 1.63) 1(Ref ) 0.86 (0.71 1.06) 1(Ref ) 1.29 (1.11 1.51) 1(Ref ) 1.07 (0.91 1.27) 1(Ref ) 1.05 (0.82 1.34) 1(Ref ) 1.14 (0.92 1.42) 1(Ref ) 1.05 (0.86 1.29) 1(Ref ) 1.06 (0.78 1.43) 1(Ref ) 1.11 (0.89 1.38) 1(Ref ) 1.12 (0.96 1.31) 1(Ref ) 1.24 (0.98 1.56) 1(Ref ) 1.11 (0.94 1.31) 1(Ref ) 0.97 (0.77 1.23) 1(Ref ) 1.14 (0.87 1.48) 1(Ref ) 1.1 (0.9 1.34) 0.35 0.342 0.83 0.522 0.212 0.074 0.15 0.219 0.343 0.707 0.633 0.903 0.235 0.684 0.408 0.535 0.001 0.153 0.145 0.012 0.001 Theobromine intake N total N event_ OR_95CI P worth P for interaction 0.Li et al. BMC Psychiatry(2022) 22:Page 7 ofTable three (continued)Subgroup Alcohol.user: moderate 43 mg/day Alcohol user: never ever = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Multimorbidity: no = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Multimorbidity: yes = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Arthriti: no = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Arthriti: yes = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Obese: no = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day Obese: yes = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day CVD:no = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day CVD: yes = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day COPD:no = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day COPD: yes = 43 mg/day 43 mg/day CKD: no = 43 mg/day 43 mg/.