Physique and face orientations. (On the SKI II biological activity internet version in colour.)2. Material and techniques
Body and face orientations. (On the internet version in colour.)2. Material and procedures(a) SubjectsOur subjects were 0 captive African elephants aged amongst four and 34 years old (six males, 4 females; electronic supplementary material, solutions). They were only ever confined at night in stables, or when getting saddled or unsaddled: we made use of this opportunity and tested elephants that were saddled early, or not going around the ride. Subjects under no circumstances spent more than around 30 min restrained.sessions had to be terminated ahead of finishing the planned trials (three to four per session). Then the remainder in the aborted session was completed just before the next session started. Trials were recorded applying a video camera (Panasonic HDCSD 90) on a tripod.(d) 
Coding and analysisA.F.S. coded `delay’ trials from the videos, beginning when E had assumed the prescribed orientation and ending right after 20 s. For baseline trials, A.F.S. began coding two s right after E had place the tray down out of reach, which was about precisely the same time it took E to obtain into position for other circumstances. Each of the subjects’ actions directed towards the experimenter and also the location with the wooden tray (baseline trials) have been coded (electronic supplementary material, table S). Briefly, the actions that were coded had been: (i) forwardtrunkswing: lunging forward and tossing the trunk; (ii) headnod: head bobbing up and down; (iii) mouthopenbeg: mouth opened, with trunk curled back; (iv) snifftowards: extending some component of the trunk; (v) periscopesniff: trunk upwards in an sshape and (vi) horizontalsniff: horizontal extension on the trunk. We made use of the total frequency of those six experimenterdirected actions per topic in each condition for analyses. A second coder, blind to the experimental hypothesis, coded 35 randomly selected trials in line with the descriptors. Interrater reliability was superb for these information (rs 0.854, p , 0.00). Tests are twotailed and in comparison to an alevel of five . Information were analysed employing SPSS. All confidence intervals are 95 .(b) DesignThe order of presentation of situations was pseudorandomized and counterbalanced. Every single subject was presented with four trials of each and every of the seven situations (electronic supplementary material, solutions).(c) ProcedureWe tested elephants individually within the stables although secured. Experimental sessions started with `no delay’ trials: E stood behind a wooden tray (50 50 cm using a twine deal with) positioned out of attain of that elephant, and facing the subject, E called its name, and dropped a piece of fruit (melon or orange piece approx. 5 cm lengthy) onto the tray. E then promptly picked up the tray and set it down inside attain of your subject’s trunk, returning to her original position. E utilized the tray’s deal with to pull it back out of attain to its original position once the subject took the fruit. Right after 3 `nodelay’ trials, the testing phase started together with the 1st PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27494289 `delay’ trial (electronic supplementary material, methods). In `delay’ trials, right after dropping the food and lifting the tray, E appeared to forget to move the tray, as an alternative placing it back down out of reach. E waited 20 s just before selecting the tray up again and placing it in attain of your subject, making use of an earpiece which played a 20 s countdown. Through the delay, E stood still and adopted one of six unique postures which varied the orientation of her body and head. E oriented her physique directly towards, away from, or with her side towards the topic. E also oriented her head so that h.