, Phe334), H bonds (Arg397, Arg420, Gly333, Pro331, Trp279, Asn278) and C-H (Asp401, Lys277, Gly280, Ser288) formed, it had 1 interaction fewer compared with procyanidin (21 bonds) [Van Der Waal (Arg302, Ala306, Gly305, Leu236, Hie200, Leu161, Phe255, Glu232, Ala197), H bonds (Asp299, Asp196, Arg194, Trp58, Asp355, Hie298, Asn297), – (Trp57, Tyr61) and -alkyl (Hie304, Ile234)], and this could clarify why it had decrease binding free power in comparison with procyanidin (Table four), which possessed extra numbers of hydrogen bonds and presence of – stacked interaction and -alkyl bonds. The binding free energy capacity of rutin (reduce than acarbose and procyanidin) is corroborated by its number of molecular interactions [(17) which includes Van Der Waals (Hie298, Hie200, Tyr61, Gly305, Leu164, Val97), H bonds (Gln62, Asp299, Asp196, Hie100, Hie304, Tyr150) and -alkyl bonds (Leu161, Ala197, Trp58, Trp57)]. With regards to amino acid residues involved inside the stability, it was observed that Trp57, Trp58, Try61, Leu162, Asp196, His201, Asp299 and Ala197 would be the most important amino acid residues involved with compounds (procyanidin and rutin) at the active PDE11 web internet sites of alpha-amylase. Though these residues are absent in acarbose, our report agrees with the submission of Hashim et al. [34], where Trp57, Trp58 and His201 have also been identified as crucial (catalytic) residues involved in α9β1 custom synthesis alpha-amylase (1DHK) stability. 1,3-Dicaffeoxyl quinic acid [(Ala177, Asp511, Tyr186, Phe544, Tyr410, Ile339, Asp300, Trp272, Trp375, Lys449), (Asp175, Arg475, Asp412, Ile301) (Phe419), (Met413)] and hyperoside [(Arg613, Phe623, Phe625, Thr624, Pro626, Gly700, Gly664, Asn665, Ser727, Hie729), (Asp627, Glu244, Glu699, Arg642), (His698), (Val730) had the same number of interactions (17) together with the active web-sites of alpha-glucosidase and are characterized by (contain the identical variety of) Van der Waal forces (10), H-bonds (four), – stacked interaction (1) and -alkyl bonds (1); nevertheless the highest binding absolutely free energy identified with 1,3-dicaffeoxyl quinnic acid may be attributed to unidentified carbon bonds (Ile176) and formed -cation (Arg663) in hyperoside. Actually, the presence of -cation in hyperoside may also be recommended to be the cause for lesser binding energy, as similarly witnessed in acarbose (Glu405) with far much less binding power and lacking – stacked, -alkyl bonds plus a decrease number of Van der Waal forces (Gly157, Gly158, Ser177, Thr178, Cys176, Val407) (Figure 6). Similarly, the interactions [H-bonding (Leu303, Leu304, Leu305), vVn Der Waal forces (Lys224, Arg299, Val300, Ala302, Cys301, Cys306, Gly131, Tyr51), -sulfur (Trp222), -Alkyl (Phe125, Leu127) of ranirestat and normal molecule (14) with active internet sites of aldose reductase is lesser than these of isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, rutin and luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside exhibited in terms of number of interactions (20, 20 and 15 respectively) relative towards the former (Figure 7), and these interactions corroborated the findings in the binding totally free energies (Table 4). It can be exciting to note that despite the fact that isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and rutin revealed exact same number of interactions (20), the presence of higher numbers of Van der Waal forces [(12) (Pro221, Leu304, Cys301, Ser305, Leu127, Tyr51, Tyr212, Ala48, Val50, Trp82, Phe124, Trp114)], hydrogen bonds [(5) (Lys24, Ala302, Val300, Trp23, Hie113)] and absence of -cation bond for isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside as against 11 (Ser213, Val50, Trp82, Asn163, Phe125, Tyr51, Ala302, Val