Itional file 1 clones sequenced from H1CIRMF clustered mainly at the
Itional file 1 clones sequenced from H1CIRMF clustered mainly at the top of the tree, while sequences of the clones from Mnd2ACDP clustered in the middle, closeDiscussion We found a high seroprevalence of SFV in a semi-freeranging colony of mandrills originating from and living in Gabon, central Africa. The habitat of mandrills is restricted to western central Africa, which is highly endemic for other retroviruses, such as SIV and STLV [42-47]. A seroprevalence of 89.5 was found in a small free-ranging macaque population (mostly adults) living in a temple in Bali, Indonesia, with a higher prevalence in adults than in juveniles [18,31,39]. A larger study provided evidence that Macaca tonkeana acquire SFV mainly through severe bites, mainly when young adults aged 5-8 years compete for sex partners [27]. In a study of free-ranging colonies of chimpanzees, Liu et al. found a significant increase in SFV infection with age, with no evidence of vertical transmission to the young [32]. In our study, there was a clear increase in SFV infection at 4-5 years of age. Altogether, these findings indicate horizontal rather than vertical (perinatal) transmission as the predominant route PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25681438 of SFV infection in these nonhuman primate communities. Nevertheless, some species or colony specificity may be found in natura among troops of nonhuman primates, which might change the relative importance of different modes and thus the timing of SFV transmission.buy Acadesine Mouinga-Ond ?et al. Retrovirology 2010, 7:105 http://www.retrovirology.com/content/7/1/Page 6 ofM. Sphinx north100 100100 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104484 100 98 99 82 100M. Sphinx south M. M leucophaeus L. albigena Papio C. neglectus g100 9059 94 100 98Cercocebus100 99 100 91 100 93 84 100 100G. gorillaP. t l d t P troglodytesFigure 5 Phylogenetic confirmation of the presence of two circulating SFV strains among mandrills. Phylogenetic tree of the 425-bp fragments of a region of the integrase region in the SFV polymerase gene. All 11 representative strains newly identified from mandrills in the colony (in red) at the CIRMF and the 8 new strains identified from wild mandrills (in blue) located in various regions of the country are shown in the tree. The new strains from mandrills were analysed with SFV sequences obtained from various species of nonhuman primates available in Genbank. The phylogenetic tree was obtained by the Bayesian method implemented in MrBayes version 3.1 software as described in the legend to Figure 2. The names of the different nonhuman primate species included in the tree are listed on the right side of the tree.It is known that a similar virus can be transmitted quite differently in different nonhuman primate species: STLV-1 appears to be acquired mainly in breast milk in M. tonkeana [27] but is acquired mainly in adulthood in chimpanzees [18,33,49]; in mandrills, it is probably acquired through bites [42,46-48,50] and to a lesser extent by sexual contact, and a predator-prey system may sometimes be also involved [49]. In our mandrill colony, about 50 animals were SFV-positive at the age of 1 year, perhaps due to exchange of saliva with their mother during feeding. It was reported recently that mandrills have a prominent muzzle-muzzle behaviour, usually between young naive and older individuals[51,34-44]. It has also been reported that salivary glands are the major reservoir of SFV replication in monkeys [23,26,29]. We did not observe any difference in seroprevalence according to the sex of the animals. SFV seropreval.