Alp nerve block; SMA, supplementary motor area; TIVA, total intravenous anaesthesia.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448.tAnaesthesia Management for Awake RP54476 biological activity Craniotomy11 /Table 2. Anaesthesia characteristics part 1. Premedication/ additional medication Midazolam 15 g kg-1, ondansetron 8 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg, phenytoin 250 mg and mannitol 0.5g kg-1 i.v. Yes NK NK Clonidine 4 g kg-1, ranitidine 50 mg and metoclopramide 10 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg, phenytoin 5 mg kg-1, diclofenac, and acetaminophen 1 g i.v. half an hour before surgery. Yes Yes NK Midazolam (n = 2 patients), mannitol (n = 37) NK 1?.5 mg midazolam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mixture of bupivacaine 0.25 and lidocaine 1 with 1:200,000 epinephrine (2? ml at each infiltration site). Local anaesthesia (Pins and dura) RSNB Drugs used for RSNBStudyAnaesthesia techniqueAbdou 2010 [17]MACAli 2009 [18]MACAmorim 2008 [19]MACLidocaine 0.5 , bupivacaine 0.25 with epinephrine 1:200,000 NK NK Ropivacaine 0.75 injected on 4 sites in each side of the head (8 injections in total): 2.5 to 5 ml. The dose depends on the site and on the body weight of the patients. (In total 20-40ml ropivacaine) 20 ml lidocaine 2 with epinephrineAndersen 2010 [20]SABeez 2013 [21]97 patients SAS, 8 patients SAPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26, 2016 4mg ondansetron, 400mg cimetidine, 1g acetaminophen. Anticonvulsant drugs were Tenapanor side effects continued in patients with seizure history. Yes NK NK Yes NK Yes NK Yes NK A mixture of bupivacaine (1?.5mg kg-1) and lidocaine (3? mg kg-1) with epinephrine concentration of 5g ml-1 Yes Yes Lidocaine 2 and ropivacaine 0.75 with epinephrine at 1:200,000 (5g ml-1) Yes Mixture of ropivacaine 1 , mepivacaine 1 , epinephrine 1:200,000, and lidocaine 2 . Betamethasone (4 mg) and famotidine (20 mg) as PONV prophylaxis Midazolam 0.07?.08 mg kg-1 i.m. and atropine 0.5 mg i.m. 30?0 min. before surgery. Antiemetic: metoclopramide chloridrate 10 mg i.v. or dolasetron 5 mg i.v., anticonvulsant medication in all patients 4mg ondansetron, 400mg cimetidine, 1g acetaminophen 4mg ondansetron i.v. Midazolam 1-2mg and 50?00g fentanyl Clonidine 2? g kg-1 one hour before surgery. At the end of surgery: Additional lidocaine 2 and epinephrine 1:200,000 were infiltrated to the scalp and dura mater and the patients received metamizole 1g intramuscularly/ respectively diclofenac 75 mg. Midazolam 1-2mg and 50-100g fentanyl Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NK Yes Yes Yes NA 0,375 bupivacaine without epinephrine (23ml at each injection site) NK Bupivacaine 0.5 and lidocaine 2 in a 1:1 mixture. Anaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy Yes Yes NK (Continued)Bilotta 2014 [10]MACBoetto 2015 [22]SASCai 2013 [23]SASChacko 2013 [24]MACChaki 2014 [25]SASConte 2013 [26]SADeras 2012 [27]SASGaravaglia 2014 [28]MACGonen 2014 [29]MACGrossman 2007 [30]MACGrossman 2013 [31]MAC12 /Table 2. (Continued) Premedication/ additional medication No Yes Yes Bupivacaine 0.5 with epinephrine 1:200,000 (2.5ml at each injection site), maximum 225 mg bupivacaine 28 ml of ropivacaine 0.75 with epinephrine 1:200,000 1:1 mixture of 1 lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 0.5 bupivacaine, plus 4.5 ml of 8.4 sodium bicarbonate 60?0 ml bupivacaine 0.25 NA Local anaesthesia (Pins and dura) RSNB Drugs used for RSNBStudyAnaesthesia techniqueGupta 2007 [32] 8 mg dexamethasone 50g fentanyl, 1-2mg midazolam, antiemetic drugs: ondansetron and scopolamine 750 mg phenytoin Midazolam (dosage NK) only in 14 patients, who received propofol + remi.Alp nerve block; SMA, supplementary motor area; TIVA, total intravenous anaesthesia.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448.tAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy11 /Table 2. Anaesthesia characteristics part 1. Premedication/ additional medication Midazolam 15 g kg-1, ondansetron 8 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg, phenytoin 250 mg and mannitol 0.5g kg-1 i.v. Yes NK NK Clonidine 4 g kg-1, ranitidine 50 mg and metoclopramide 10 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg, phenytoin 5 mg kg-1, diclofenac, and acetaminophen 1 g i.v. half an hour before surgery. Yes Yes NK Midazolam (n = 2 patients), mannitol (n = 37) NK 1?.5 mg midazolam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mixture of bupivacaine 0.25 and lidocaine 1 with 1:200,000 epinephrine (2? ml at each infiltration site). Local anaesthesia (Pins and dura) RSNB Drugs used for RSNBStudyAnaesthesia techniqueAbdou 2010 [17]MACAli 2009 [18]MACAmorim 2008 [19]MACLidocaine 0.5 , bupivacaine 0.25 with epinephrine 1:200,000 NK NK Ropivacaine 0.75 injected on 4 sites in each side of the head (8 injections in total): 2.5 to 5 ml. The dose depends on the site and on the body weight of the patients. (In total 20-40ml ropivacaine) 20 ml lidocaine 2 with epinephrineAndersen 2010 [20]SABeez 2013 [21]97 patients SAS, 8 patients SAPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26, 2016 4mg ondansetron, 400mg cimetidine, 1g acetaminophen. Anticonvulsant drugs were continued in patients with seizure history. Yes NK NK Yes NK Yes NK Yes NK A mixture of bupivacaine (1?.5mg kg-1) and lidocaine (3? mg kg-1) with epinephrine concentration of 5g ml-1 Yes Yes Lidocaine 2 and ropivacaine 0.75 with epinephrine at 1:200,000 (5g ml-1) Yes Mixture of ropivacaine 1 , mepivacaine 1 , epinephrine 1:200,000, and lidocaine 2 . Betamethasone (4 mg) and famotidine (20 mg) as PONV prophylaxis Midazolam 0.07?.08 mg kg-1 i.m. and atropine 0.5 mg i.m. 30?0 min. before surgery. Antiemetic: metoclopramide chloridrate 10 mg i.v. or dolasetron 5 mg i.v., anticonvulsant medication in all patients 4mg ondansetron, 400mg cimetidine, 1g acetaminophen 4mg ondansetron i.v. Midazolam 1-2mg and 50?00g fentanyl Clonidine 2? g kg-1 one hour before surgery. At the end of surgery: Additional lidocaine 2 and epinephrine 1:200,000 were infiltrated to the scalp and dura mater and the patients received metamizole 1g intramuscularly/ respectively diclofenac 75 mg. Midazolam 1-2mg and 50-100g fentanyl Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NK Yes Yes Yes NA 0,375 bupivacaine without epinephrine (23ml at each injection site) NK Bupivacaine 0.5 and lidocaine 2 in a 1:1 mixture. Anaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy Yes Yes NK (Continued)Bilotta 2014 [10]MACBoetto 2015 [22]SASCai 2013 [23]SASChacko 2013 [24]MACChaki 2014 [25]SASConte 2013 [26]SADeras 2012 [27]SASGaravaglia 2014 [28]MACGonen 2014 [29]MACGrossman 2007 [30]MACGrossman 2013 [31]MAC12 /Table 2. (Continued) Premedication/ additional medication No Yes Yes Bupivacaine 0.5 with epinephrine 1:200,000 (2.5ml at each injection site), maximum 225 mg bupivacaine 28 ml of ropivacaine 0.75 with epinephrine 1:200,000 1:1 mixture of 1 lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 0.5 bupivacaine, plus 4.5 ml of 8.4 sodium bicarbonate 60?0 ml bupivacaine 0.25 NA Local anaesthesia (Pins and dura) RSNB Drugs used for RSNBStudyAnaesthesia techniqueGupta 2007 [32] 8 mg dexamethasone 50g fentanyl, 1-2mg midazolam, antiemetic drugs: ondansetron and scopolamine 750 mg phenytoin Midazolam (dosage NK) only in 14 patients, who received propofol + remi.